![\"Private](\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/01-leveled-left.jpg\")
Private Collection, Sinhalese Palm-Leaf Manuscript, End-Leaf 01, Left.<\/p><\/div>\n
A few photographs gave some first glimpses.\u00a0 (See below.)\u00a0 With them, we conferred among ourselves, and offered a preliminary description.\u00a0 It includes a brief guide about how to proceed, if wished, to examine the artefact more closely.<\/p>\n
Mind you, we are talking in a time of pandemic and Bibliographical Lockdown.\u00a0 (See, with some observations about escape routes, Selbold Cartulary Fragments<\/a>, including some resourceful tips. Summed up as: “When all else fails, read the text.”)<\/p>\n Images are an amazing resource, of course, but what photographs might we seek to take, and how to look at them?\u00a0 That question might come to the fore if, perchance, you don’t know what sort of book it is, let alone what language?\u00a0 What if you can’t read the text?\u00a0 And which way is up?<\/p>\n I phrase the questions this way because, in part, I can’t (yet) read every language (Can Dream!), decipher every script, etc., etc.<\/p>\n Perhaps you too?<\/p>\n Willing to learn?\u00a0 At least some rudiments appropriate for the particular artefact?\u00a0 Yes?<\/p>\n Read On!<\/p>\n <\/p>\n For this particular book, some of us in conversation find that the process of consultation, exchanging information, asking questions about the materials, offering suggestions for further exploration, and so on in an enriching cycle, might be useful also more widely.\u00a0 For example, outside of specialists, or those with ready access to them, what if we encounter materials in a format, language, script, and context not readily familiar?<\/p>\n Are you curious?\u00a0 Might you be willing to learn?\u00a0 Would you like to join our conversation?<\/p>\n So, this post is an experiment.\u00a0 Will it work?<\/p>\n We provide a beginner’s guide for navigating the sequence of the leaves, without (yet) knowing the language and the script.\u00a0 Apparently the guide has some use in introducing the subject, explaining some of the challenges, and giving directions, with links to explore, for better understanding the nature of the book, both as it arrived in disordered sequence, and as it can be reconstructed.<\/p>\n This exploration forms a follow-up to<\/p>\n It is not known when or where the present case was acquired.\u00a0 Now, in its present Private Collection, it offers a case-study.\u00a0 We thank the owner for permission to present the leaves to you, as we wonder about the structure of their original manuscript.<\/p>\n We first saw these photographs.<\/p>\n Beveled Cover, Knotted Stringing Cord Included Private Collection, Sinhalese Palm-Leaf Manuscript, Cover.<\/p><\/div>\n An Opening (Photo ‘blade-01’)<\/strong><\/p>\n blade-01<\/p><\/div>\n An End Leaf (Photo ’01-a’) At one end of the bound book:<\/p>\n Private Collection, Sinhalese Palm-Leaf Manuscript, End Leaf ’01a’.<\/p><\/div>\n Another End Leaf (’01b’)<\/strong><\/p>\n At the other end:<\/p>\n Private Collection, Sinhalese Palm-Leaf Manuscript, End-Leaf. ‘For-bag 01b’<\/p><\/div>\n Already with these images, it could be seen that the palm-leaf manuscript is written in Sinhalese script (Sinhala_script<\/a>).\u00a0 The material is palm-leaf, and the book is a manuscript, not a printed text.\u00a0 As it stands, the leaves of the ensemble are strung on string or cord through a single stringing hole, ending in a simple beveled rectangular cover.<\/p>\n A match for the specimen in terms of script appears here, with transliteration of its text:<\/p>\n Considering the text and script, we now orient the images to show their script standing upright.\u00a0 For example:<\/p>\n Opening (Photo ‘blade-01’ upright)<\/strong><\/p>\n Private Collection, Sinhalese Palm-Leaf Manuscript, Opened.<\/p><\/div>\n The language is mostly likely Pali (a guide: Pali<\/a>).\u00a0 A Middle Indo-Aryan<\/a> liturgical language<\/a>, it is native to the Indian subcontinent<\/a>.<\/p>\n The text is a Buddhist treatise of some sort, but without seeing the last leaf of the original with its expected colophon<\/a>, we cannot readily tell the title.<\/p>\n Unfortunately the entire manuscript has been cut in half vertically, yielding halves of pages\/leaves. They have been strung together in some order or other. (To be determined.)<\/p>\n The plain beveled board cover at one end (shown above) corresponds to the reduced size, so it is a subsequent addition to the original production and intention of the book.<\/p>\n Each page retains only one outer margin and only a single stringing hole, rather than the original pair of holes and of outer margins.<\/p>\n A typical example, from a manuscript of the Vessantarajataka J\u0101taka<\/a> in another private collection, shows the full span of the leaves, with double stringing holes and both margins. The following image shows its cover and some leaves outspread.\u00a0 Here, one string laces through one of the double holes in each leaf, while the other hole, now unlaced, is left free, allowing the leaves to fan outward for a broader view.<\/p>\n Private Collection, Vessantara jataka Manuscript.<\/p><\/div>\n The sample images of the Sinhalese palm-leaf case, as sent to us, indicate that both upper and lower margins survive at least in part, so that the number of lines per page would be original. Note that the number of lines per page shows some variation \u2014 as seen in image entitled”blade-01″, with one leaf facing another having 8 and 6 lines respectively.<\/p>\n blade-01<\/p><\/div>\n The manuscript may be complete, albeit cut in half to look like twice the number of leaves which it had originally. It is uncertain in what order the reduced leaves stand.<\/p>\n The leaf-numbers appear on the left end of the verso of each leaf.\u00a0 On Photo ‘for-bag-01a’ (turned upright), the “letter-number” appears at the left side, hence it’s the verso.\u00a0 The “numbers” are the letters with vowel-markings, from \u2018Ka\u2019 (\u0d9b) onward in the traditional order.<\/p>\n Private Collection, Sinhalese Palm-Leaf Manuscript, End Leaf ’01a’.<\/p><\/div>\n On this system of numbering, see Sinhala Numerals<\/a>.\u00a0 Among them, the Ka\u1e6dapay\u0101di or<\/i> Katapayadi System<\/a> uses Sinhala consonants to depict Numbers 1<\/em> to 9<\/em> and 0,<\/em> “for easy remembrance of numbers as words or verses”.\u00a0 The numeration “is known as Katapayadiya since number one is allocated with the Sinhala letters \u2018Ka\u2019 (\u0d9a), \u2018Ta\u2019 (\u0da7), \u2018Pa\u2019 (\u0db4 ) and \u2018Ya\u2019 (\u0dba)”.<\/p>\n Private Collection, Sinhalese Palm-Leaf Manuscript, End-Leaf 01, Left.<\/p><\/div>\n Detailed study might reveal what parts of the original remain, and in which order they are assembled.<\/p>\n Unfortunately such alterations for the market are not rare nowadays.<\/p>\n Which is front and which is back of the book? For the novice, we suggest:<\/p>\n You could try the following.<\/p>\n 1. Start with the closed book, lengthways in front of you on a flat surface, with the cover facing up.<\/p>\n 2. Open the cover away from you, turn it over, and put it down, with the inside cover upward, beyond the first leaf (‘leaf_a<\/strong>‘) which stands on top of its followers in the text-block.<\/p>\n As with End-Leaf ‘For-bag 01b’:<\/p>\n Private Collection, Sinhalese Palm-Leaf Manuscript, End-Leaf. ‘For-bag 01b’<\/p><\/div>\n 3. If the script on the leaf is the right way up (as shown, for example, in Sinala Script<\/a>), go to step 4.<\/p>\n If it is upside-down, close the book, turn it 180 degrees on the table, and open it again.<\/p>\n The script should be the right way up.\u00a0 Like this:<\/p>\n Private Collection, Sinhalese Palm-Leaf Manuscript, End Leaf ’01a’.<\/p><\/div>\n 4. Turn the first leaf (leaf_a<\/strong>) and place it on top of the cover, showing the back of the leaf. The script on the next leaf (‘leaf_b<\/strong>‘) should also be the right way up.<\/p>\n If it isn’t, some leaves must have been turned around, and we can’t tell much of anything until we can read the text.<\/p>\n 5. Look at the script on the back of leaf_a<\/strong>. If it is the right way up, then this is the Front of the Book.<\/p>\n 6. If it is upside-down, close the book, turn it over, and repeat steps 1 through 5. If this is now the front, you have the answer. If it also looks like a Back, then it would be necessary to decipher the text.<\/p>\n On account of the bisection of the leaves, the position of the margin upon an upright page, at the left or at the right, would indicate to which side of the original leaf this page\/leaf belonged.<\/p>\n It could be possible to discern which ‘half-leaves’ belong to each other, and then notionally join up the severed lines of script on their rectos and versos.<\/p>\n Although such observations can be painstaking, we have become accustomed to such lengths which the fragmentation and rearrangement of original manuscripts might demand of research and reconstruction. Our blog on Manuscript Studies<\/a> tells their stories. See its Contents List<\/a>.<\/p>\n We thanked the collector for showing us glimpses of the book. We asked “How long have you had it, and how did it come to you?”<\/p>\n There returned a full set of photographs, with permission to publish them here, so that we might all join in the process of deciphering the series of leaves and discerning their original sequence.\u00a0 Would you like to join in?<\/p>\n The photographs as sent start at one end of the book and progress consecutively through it.\u00a0 Each image includes a paper slip carrying the arabic numeral of the leaf (1\u201333), with the added suffix ‘A’ to indicate the other side of the same leaf.\u00a0 The slip stands outside the designated leaf, but remains clearly in view.\u00a0 For certain purposes, we might crop the identifier from the image, so as to focus upon the leaf itself.\u00a0 For now, because of the disordered sequence of the half-leaves, and the condition which we face at present of viewing them through photographs, it seems prudent to show the images as they come, with the clearly marked identifiers recording the place in the ensemble.<\/p>\n Side 1, with Letter\/Number KA (“1) Private Collection, Sinhalese Palm-Leaf Manuscript, End Leaf ’01a’ =Side 1 with letter\/number KA.<\/p><\/div>\n Side 1A<\/strong><\/p>\n Private Collection, Sinhalese Palm-Leaf Manuscript, Leaf ’01a’ \/ 1A.<\/p><\/div>\n Side 2<\/strong><\/p>\n Private Collection, Sinhalese Palm-Leaf Manuscript, Leaf ’02’ \/ 2 (Text Inverted).<\/p><\/div>\n Side 2A<\/strong><\/p>\n Private Collection, Sinhalese Palm-Leaf Manuscript, Leaf 2A (Text Inverted).<\/p><\/div>\n Side 3 Private Collection, Sinhalese Palm-Leaf Manuscript, Leaf ’03’, Side 1.<\/p><\/div>\n Side 3A, with Letter\/Number Mark Private Collection, Sinhalese Palm-Leaf Manuscript, Leaf 3A.<\/p><\/div>\n Side 4<\/strong><\/p>\n Private Collection, Sinhalese Palm-Leaf Manuscript, Leaf 4.<\/p><\/div>\n Side 4A, with Letter\/Number Mark Private Collection, Sinhalese Palm-Leaf Manuscript, Leaf 4, Side A.<\/p><\/div>\n Side 5<\/strong><\/p>\n Private Collection, Sinhalese Palm-Leaf Manuscript, Leaf 5 Reproduced by Permission.<\/p><\/div>\n Side 5A, with Letter\/Number Mark Private Collection, Sinhalese Palm-Leaf Manuscript, Leaf 5, Side A. Reproduced by Permission.<\/p><\/div>\n Side 6<\/strong><\/p>\n Private Collection, Sinhalese Palm-Leaf Manuscript, Leaf 6. Reproduced by Permission.<\/p><\/div>\n Side 6A, with Letter\/Number Mark Private Collection, Sinhalese Palm-Leaf Manuscript, Leaf 5, Side A. Reproduced by Permission.<\/p><\/div>\n Side 7<\/strong><\/p>\n Private Collection, Sinhalese Palm-Leaf Manuscript, Leaf 7. Reproduced by Permission.<\/p><\/div>\n Side 7A, with Letter\/Number Mark Private Collection, Sinhalese Palm-Leaf Manuscript, Leaf 5, Side A. Reproduced by Permission.<\/p><\/div>\n Side 8<\/strong><\/p>\n Private Collection, Sinhalese Palm-Leaf Manuscript, Leaf 8. Reproduced by Permission.<\/p><\/div>\n Side 8A, with Letter\/Number Mark Private Collection, Sinhalese Palm-Leaf Manuscript, Leaf 8, Side A. Reproduced by Permission.<\/p><\/div>\n Sides 9\u201311A.<\/strong>\u00a0 See Below.<\/p>\n [Etc.\u00a0 More to come<\/em>.]<\/p>\n *****<\/p>\n Another post will offer more images from the manuscript.\u00a0 Here, we pause to show a set of images, in reconstructed order, that demonstrate the original structure of original leaves, or clear the path toward that goal.<\/p>\n Material and textual evidence, in combination, permits a virtual reconstruction of the former leaves and their sequence in the manuscript.\u00a0 Examining the photographs one by one, we can group the half-leaves by distinguishing features, as Left-Hand or Right-Hand Segment (‘Half-Leaf’), Text Upside-Down or Upright, Number of Lines per Column, Letter\/Number marks where present, matching features along the vertical line of division between halves of a leaf, and so on.\u00a0 Columns with 5, 6 7, or 8 lines respectively offer a ready starting point for correlations.<\/p>\n Unusual features leap to the forefront.\u00a0 They offer ready pointers for lining up some disjointed parts.<\/p>\n For example, a few half-leaves have doubled pairs of stringing holes, with a smaller second hole alongside a disused circular hole.\u00a0 Some of the doubled pairs occur on Sides 9\u201311A and 22\u201324A, as the images make clear.\u00a0 We show them here.<\/p>\n There may be others, perhaps partly obscured in the images, under the current string (as with Sides 28A, 29A, 30A).<\/p>\n Some other half-leaves have piercings, or pointed indentations, alongside the original hole (which remains in use in the stringing).\u00a0 Those features manifest the incomplete attempts at forming a second hole slightly distant from it, or else the effects of such attempts impacting partway into them as they lay at a lower place in the stack.<\/p>\n Such effects appear, for example, on Sides 13\u201313A, 26\u201326A, and 27\u201327A.\u00a0 Those and other half-leaves are displayed in Part 2<\/em> of our Posts on this Manuscript.\u00a0 (See below.)<\/p>\n The doubled holes must derive from the stage of cutting the original leaves of the manuscript into half-leaves, and forcing those halves into an approximate alignment with other leaves for re-stringing on a single hole to form a semblance of a book.<\/p>\n Side 9 (= Right-hand Half) Private Collection, Sinhalese Palm-Leaf Manuscript, Leaf ’09’, Side 1 (Text Upright).<\/p><\/div>\n Side 9A<\/strong><\/p>\n Private Collection, Sinhalese Palm-Leaf Manuscript, Leaf 9A (Text Upright).<\/p><\/div>\n Side 10<\/strong><\/p>\n Private Collection, Sinhalese Palm-Leaf Manuscript, Leaf ’10’, Side 1 (Text Upright).<\/p><\/div>\n Side 10A<\/strong><\/p>\n Private Collection, Sinhalese Palm-Leaf Manuscript, Leaf ’10’, Side A (Text Upright).<\/p><\/div>\n Side 11<\/strong><\/p>\n Private Collection, Sinhalese Palm-Leaf Manuscript, Leaf ’11’, Side 1. (Text Upright.) Reproduced by Permission.<\/p><\/div>\n Side 11A<\/strong><\/p>\n Private Collection, Sinhalese Palm-Leaf Manuscript, Leaf ’11’, Side A. (Text Upright.) Reproduced by Permission.<\/p><\/div>\n Side 22<\/strong><\/p>\n Private Collection, Sinhalese Palm-Leaf Manuscript, Leaf ’22’, Side 1. Reproduced by Permission.<\/p><\/div>\n Side 22A<\/strong><\/p>\n Private Collection, Sinhalese Palm-Leaf Manuscript, Leaf ’22’, Side A. Reproduced by Permission.<\/p><\/div>\n Side 23<\/strong><\/p>\n Private Collection, Sinhalese Palm-Leaf Manuscript, Leaf 22, Side 1 (Text Upright). Reproduced by Permission.<\/p><\/div>\n Side 23A<\/strong><\/p>\n Private Collection, Sinhalese Palm-Leaf Manuscript, Leaf 22, Side A (Text Upright). Reproduced by Permission.<\/p><\/div>\n Side 24<\/strong><\/p>\n Private Collection, Sinhalese Palm-Leaf Manuscript, Leaf 24, Side 1 (Text Upright). Reproduced by Permission.<\/p><\/div>\n Side 24A<\/strong><\/p>\n Private Collection, Sinhalese Palm-Leaf Manuscript, Leaf 24, Side A (Text Upright). Reproduced by Permission.<\/p><\/div>\n A group of closely-spaced lines at the bottom of one column indicate a clear match between a left-hand half and a right-hand half of one former conjoined side of a leaf.<\/p>\n Private Collection, Sinhalese Palm-Leaf Manuscript, Reconstructed View of Former Leaf (’30A’ + 26A’).<\/p><\/div>\n Their opposite sides will form another conjoined pair, to complete the virtual reconstruction of the leaf in full.<\/p>\n There remain more connections to discern between the half-leaves as repackaged and assembled into some sort of sequence. We begin that process, as you see, and we open the way for you to join the quest, if you wish.<\/p>\n Note that the ensemble as transmitted apparently does not retain all the leaves from the original.\u00a0 The uneven number of leaves, or rather half-leaves of the former wholes, guarantees that at least one half-leaf was not included in the re-stringing of the deconstructed ensemble.\u00a0 An expected colophon is absent.<\/p>\n The aim of this post is to demonstrate a case, alas among many, whereby a market might take advantage of visitors or tourists wishing for a souvenir (genuine) of a visit to a foreign and fascinating land. We do not know if such an occasion provided the means by which this rearranged palm-leaf manuscript was acquired by the owner from whom the present owner received it. Suffice to say that such occasions can provide the pathway, and, for sellers and despoilers, the incentive.<\/p>\n Say a visitor to somewhere in South Asia<\/a>, admiring of the culture, but unknowing the language(s), might wish to have a palm-leaf book, ready-made. In time, imported to Western lands, there might arise wonder about the artefact.<\/p>\n This is the story, in outline, of the Sinhalese Palm-Leaf Manuscript we examine here.<\/p>\n The guides aim to offer beginners, inexperienced with the relevant scripts and texts, a willing way to begin to approach an understanding of how such an artefact might work.<\/p>\n Verily, a Cautionary Tale.<\/p>\n We hope that you might recognize the signs of a disordered souvenir presented in the form of a purported palm-leaf manuscript book. Palm-leaf, and manuscript, it might be. But in what shape? Buyer, beware, and Buyer, be aware.<\/p>\n Best wishes!<\/p>\n *****<\/p>\n We warmly thank the owner for contacting us, for sending sample photographs, for sending a fuller set of photographs (moreover clearly marked by sequentially numbered cards in frame!), and for joining enthusiastically in the quest to ‘decipher’ the manuscript, and to learn more about it.\u00a0 We are grateful for permission to show the photographs and to invite your help in this quest.<\/p>\n *****<\/p>\n Might you please identify the text?\u00a0 Do you know where other leaves from this book, including the opening and closing leaves, might survive?<\/p>\n Do you recognize the work of the scribe(s) in other manuscripts?\u00a0 Do you have advice about its dating and origin?<\/p>\n For those with expertise in these manuscripts, this script, and this text, please don’t mind our wish to learn more.<\/p>\n Please let us know.\u00a0 We invite you to place your Comments here, Contact Us<\/a>, and visit our Facebook Page<\/a>.<\/p>\n Next stop:\u00a0 More Leaves from this Book.<\/p>\nWelcome<\/h2>\n
Step 1:\u00a0 Preliminary Description<\/h2>\n
\n
The First Glimpses<\/h2>\n
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n![\"Private](\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/blade-02-cover.jpg\")
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/blade-01-1024x768.jpg\")
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n![\"Private](\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/for-bag-01a-upright-cropped-1024x568.jpg\")
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The Ensemble<\/h2>\n
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![\"Private](\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/blade-01-upright-1024x768.jpg\")
The Order As Restructured, or ‘Repackaged’<\/h2>\n
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Leaf Numbers<\/strong><\/h2>\n
The Order, Now and Then and Again<\/h2>\n
Towards Reconstruction<\/h3>\n
The Disordered Sequence at Present<\/h2>\n
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n![\"Private](\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/01-1024x488.jpg\")
![\"Private](\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/01a-1024x433.jpg\")
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\n<\/strong><\/p>\n![\"Private](\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/03.jpg\")
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n![\"Private](\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/03a.jpg\")
![\"Private](\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/04.jpg\")
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n![\"Private](\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/04a.jpg\")
![\"Private](\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/05.jpg\")
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n![\"Private](\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/05a.jpg\")
![\"Private](\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/06.jpg\")
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n![\"Private](\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/06a.jpg\")
![\"Private](\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/07.jpg\")
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n![\"Private](\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/07a.jpg\")
![\"Private](\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/08.jpg\")
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n![\"Private](\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/08a.jpg\")
Steps Toward Reconstruction<\/h2>\n
Doubled Stringing Holes<\/h3>\n
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n![\"Private](\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/09-e1617406998759.jpg\")
![\"Private](\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/09a-e1617407083607.jpg\")
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![\"Private](\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/10a-e1617407484418.jpg\")
![\"Private](\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/11-e1617413036943.jpg\")
![\"Private](\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/11a-e1617413195280.jpg\")
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/22-1.jpg\")
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/22a-1.jpg\")
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Idiosyncratic Line-Spacings as a Case in Point<\/h3>\n
![\"Private](\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Sinhalese-Palm-Leaf-Book-Formerly-Conjoined-Leaf-30A-26A-1024x390.jpg\")
More Link-Ups Await within the Fragment<\/h3>\n
![\"Private](\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/01-leveled-1024x301.jpg\")