{"id":13281,"date":"2020-05-11T23:13:47","date_gmt":"2020-05-11T23:13:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/?p=13281"},"modified":"2022-07-11T18:46:38","modified_gmt":"2022-07-11T18:46:38","slug":"a-charter-of-1399-from-high-ongar-in-essex","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/a-charter-of-1399-from-high-ongar-in-essex\/","title":{"rendered":"A Charter of 1399 from High Ongar in Essex"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">A Charter of<br \/>\n23 Richard II (=1399)<br \/>\nIssued on 17 July 1399<br \/>\nat <em>Alta Aungre<\/em> (High Ongar)<\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_13102\" style=\"width: 308px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13102\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-13102 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Coronation_Richard2_England_01-298x300.jpg\" alt=\"London, British Library, Royal MS 14 E IV, folio 10 recto. &quot;Recueil des croniques&quot; by Jean de Wavrin. Coronation of Richard II at the age of 10 in 1377.\" width=\"298\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Coronation_Richard2_England_01-298x300.jpg 298w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Coronation_Richard2_England_01-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Coronation_Richard2_England_01-768x772.jpg 768w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Coronation_Richard2_England_01-1018x1024.jpg 1018w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Coronation_Richard2_England_01.jpg 1433w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 298px) 100vw, 298px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-13102\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">London, British Library, Royal MS 14 E IV, folio 10 recto. &#8220;Recueil des croniques&#8221; by Jean de Wavrin. Coronation of Richard II at the age of 10 in 1377.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>[<em>Posted on 12 May 2020, with updates<\/em>]<\/p>\n<p>Mildred Budny continues the series of posts on medieval and early modern charters from England in a private collection. See our <a href=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/manuscript-studies-contents-list\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Contents List<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>First we examined the numbered group of documents mainly from Preston in Sussex.\u00a0 Then we turned to documents from other places.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/full-court-preston\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Full Court Preston<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/preston-take-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Preston Take 2<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/preston-charters-continued\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Preston Charters, Continued<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/charter-the-course-more-on-preston-charters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Charter the Course:\u00a0 More on Preston Charters<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/preston-charters-the-chierographs\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Preston Charters:\u00a0 The Chirographs<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/more-light-on-english-charters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">More Light on English Charters<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>From the Time of Richard II<\/h2>\n<p>Once again, we examine a charter from the time of King <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_II_of_England\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Richard II<\/a> (6 January 1367 \u2013 c. 14 February 1400), who reigned from 1377 until he was deposed in 1399.<\/p>\n<h3>6 Richard II<\/h3>\n<p>Previously we considered a charter from this king&#8217;s Regnal Year 6, issued at an unnamed location on the Feast of Saint Michael the Archangel, that is, on 19 September 1382.\u00a0 That one is <strong>Charter 1<\/strong> in the numbered series in that private collection which opens the section devoted to English charters.\u00a0 Charter 1 made its appearance in casting <a href=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/more-light-on-english-charters\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">More Light on English Charters<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">6 Richard II (= 22 June 1382 &#8211; 21 June 1383)<br \/>\n&#8220;On the Feast of Saint Michael Archangel&#8221; = 19 September<br \/>\nI. e. 19 September 1382<\/h4>\n<div id=\"attachment_13099\" style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13099\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-13099 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/6-Richard-II-Face-cropped-unnamed-top-1024x357.jpg\" alt=\"6 Richard II Face.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"357\" srcset=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/6-Richard-II-Face-cropped-unnamed-top-1024x357.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/6-Richard-II-Face-cropped-unnamed-top-150x52.jpg 150w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/6-Richard-II-Face-cropped-unnamed-top-300x104.jpg 300w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/6-Richard-II-Face-cropped-unnamed-top-768x267.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-13099\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Private Collection, &#8220;Charter 1&#8221;: 6 Richard II Face.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>The document retains its original seal, more-or-less intact, with its Legend in Lombard Capitals and its Device in the form of a (partly rubbed) heraldic shield.\u00a0 The Legend begins with a customary star (*) and the word <em>SIGILLUM<\/em> (&#8220;Seal&#8221;).<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_13107\" style=\"width: 1018px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13107\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-13107 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/6-Richard-II-seal-1008x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Charter 1: 6 Richard II Charter Seal.\" width=\"1008\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/6-Richard-II-seal-1008x1024.jpg 1008w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/6-Richard-II-seal-148x150.jpg 148w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/6-Richard-II-seal-295x300.jpg 295w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/6-Richard-II-seal-768x780.jpg 768w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/6-Richard-II-seal.jpg 1063w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1008px) 100vw, 1008px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-13107\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charter 1: 6 Richard II Charter Seal.<\/p><\/div>\n<h2>The Document in Question:\u00a0 23 Richard II from High Ongar<\/h2>\n<p>The later specimen from the reign of Richard II which we showcase here is not only later in date of origin, but also a later addition to the private collection; we had the chance to see it soon after its acquisition.<\/p>\n<p>Like &#8220;Charter 1&#8221;, this document specifies both the Regnal year and a certain day within the year, upon a specific saint&#8217;s feast day.\u00a0 Unlike Charter 1, it names its place of issue.<\/p>\n<h3>Single Sheet with Tag and Seal<\/h3>\n<p>Like all those others in the series (from <a href=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/full-court-preston\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Full Court Preston<\/a> onward), this document in Latin on vellum stands on a single sheet.\u00a0 It places the hair-side of the animal skin to the outside, folds its lower edge inward to form a flap, and holds between slits a pendant vellum tag upon which to attach the wax seal.<\/p>\n<p>On the face of the sheet, the text forms a single column of 11 long lines, professionally written in <em>Anglicana Formata<\/em> script.\u00a0 (See another in similar script, by a different scribe: <a href=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/preston-charters-continued\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Preston Charters Continued<\/a>.) The dorse, originally blank, carries a few docketing inscriptions.\u00a0 The uncolored seal survives in part.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_13311\" style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13311\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-13311 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/488-Latin-Charter-23-Richard-II-Face-cropped-1024x636.jpg\" alt=\"Private Collection, Document of 23 Richard II, Face.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"636\" srcset=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/488-Latin-Charter-23-Richard-II-Face-cropped-1024x636.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/488-Latin-Charter-23-Richard-II-Face-cropped-150x93.jpg 150w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/488-Latin-Charter-23-Richard-II-Face-cropped-300x186.jpg 300w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/488-Latin-Charter-23-Richard-II-Face-cropped-768x477.jpg 768w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/488-Latin-Charter-23-Richard-II-Face-cropped-80x50.jpg 80w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/488-Latin-Charter-23-Richard-II-Face-cropped-598x372.jpg 598w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/488-Latin-Charter-23-Richard-II-Face-cropped.jpg 1183w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-13311\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Private Collection, Document of 23 Richard II, Face.<\/p><\/div>\n<h3>The Dorse<\/h3>\n<p>The dorse is creased and stained.\u00a0 The fold-lines and their directions demonstrate that the sheet was folded in half horizontally, then into thirds to form a packet, from which the tag extended.<\/p>\n<p>Originally blank, the dorse acquired 3 docketing inscriptions. They stand in a &#8220;vertical row&#8221;, with their tops turned to the right-hand side of the sheet in one of its folded sections.\u00a0 It would appear that they gathered upon that section as it lay or stood &#8216;upright&#8217;, and with the seal and its tag extending to the right.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_13293\" style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13293\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-13293 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Dorse-cropped-1024x626.jpg\" alt=\"23 Richard II Dorse with Tag and Seal..\" width=\"1024\" height=\"626\" srcset=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Dorse-cropped-1024x626.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Dorse-cropped-150x92.jpg 150w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Dorse-cropped-300x183.jpg 300w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Dorse-cropped-768x470.jpg 768w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Dorse-cropped-80x50.jpg 80w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Dorse-cropped.jpg 1091w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-13293\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">23 Richard II Dorse with Tag and Seal.<\/p><\/div>\n<h3>The Docketing<\/h3>\n<p>The 3 lines of docketing entries on the dorse include a mostly erased line in brown ink, a statement of the Regnal Year (&#8220;23 R 2&#8221;) in dark brown ink with arabic numerals, and the date in pencil in arabic numerals (&#8220;1399&#8221;).<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_13295\" style=\"width: 937px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13295\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-13295 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-23-Docketing-cropped.jpg\" alt=\"23 Richard II Dorse\" width=\"927\" height=\"560\" srcset=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-23-Docketing-cropped.jpg 927w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-23-Docketing-cropped-150x91.jpg 150w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-23-Docketing-cropped-300x181.jpg 300w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-23-Docketing-cropped-768x464.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 927px) 100vw, 927px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-13295\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">23 Richard II Dorse<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Back-lighting reveals a few more traces of the erased inscription and the differences of in width and smoothness between the strokes in the first and second &#8216;halves&#8217; of the arabic numeral.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_13296\" style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13296\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-13296 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Docketing-Back-Lit-1024x669.jpg\" alt=\"23 Richard II Docketing under Back-Lighting.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"669\" srcset=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Docketing-Back-Lit-1024x669.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Docketing-Back-Lit-150x98.jpg 150w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Docketing-Back-Lit-300x196.jpg 300w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Docketing-Back-Lit-768x502.jpg 768w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Docketing-Back-Lit.jpg 1378w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-13296\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">23 Richard II Docketing under Back-Lighting.<\/p><\/div>\n<h3>The Face<\/h3>\n<p>The text is laid out in a single column of 11 long lines written by a single scribe in a professional version of <em>Angicana Formata<\/em> documentary script (see Charter 6 in <a href=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/preston-charters-continued\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Preston Charters Continued<\/a>).\u00a0 Mostly the ink is light brown in color, but in some places, where the freshly dipped pen left darker strokes, it looks almost black.<\/p>\n<p>Such is noticeably the case in line 2, where one personal name stands out jarringly in darker color than the flow of the script to either side.\u00a0 Perhaps this effect resulted from a space left in the course of the transcription, to be filled upon a return (line 2) once the scribe had ascertained the name of this tenant (<em>Nich&#8217;o<\/em>) among the group of 4.<\/p>\n<p>To the left of the first line and its enlarged initial, there stands a flourished mark, likewise in ink, forming an <em>n<\/em>-shaped feature rising to a clockwise loop.\u00a0 The text concludes with a separate flourish, which forms an undulating hook-like motif suspended after the conclusion of the text.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_13297\" style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13297\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-13297 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Face-1024x657.jpg\" alt=\"23 Richard II Face with Tag and Seal.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"657\" srcset=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Face-1024x657.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Face-150x96.jpg 150w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Face-300x192.jpg 300w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Face-768x493.jpg 768w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Face-80x50.jpg 80w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-13297\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">23 Richard II Face with Tag and Seal.<\/p><\/div>\n<h3>The Tag and Seal<\/h3>\n<p>Part of the uncolored wax seal survives upon the partly crumpled vellum tag.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_13310\" style=\"width: 374px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13310\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-13310 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/488-Latin-Charter-23-Richard-2-Face-Cropped-to-Tag.jpg\" alt=\"Private Collection, Document of 23 Richard II, Tag and Seal.\" width=\"364\" height=\"219\" srcset=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/488-Latin-Charter-23-Richard-2-Face-Cropped-to-Tag.jpg 364w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/488-Latin-Charter-23-Richard-2-Face-Cropped-to-Tag-150x90.jpg 150w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/488-Latin-Charter-23-Richard-2-Face-Cropped-to-Tag-300x180.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 364px) 100vw, 364px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-13310\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Private Collection, Document of 23 Richard II, Tag and Seal.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>The wax by now is friable, as a close view shows.\u00a0 To judge by the remnant of the seal, its matrix was round.\u00a0 The imprint of its face retains about half of the rimmed border containing an illegible legend or inscription.\u00a0 At the center the device has an oblong central element of some kind.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_13304\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13304\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-13304 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Seal-Now.jpg\" alt=\"23 Richard II Seal Now.\" width=\"600\" height=\"743\" srcset=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Seal-Now.jpg 600w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Seal-Now-121x150.jpg 121w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Seal-Now-242x300.jpg 242w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-13304\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">23 Richard II Seal Now.<\/p><\/div>\n<h3>The Script<\/h3>\n<p>The document presents its record entirely in ink, the work of a single scribe.\u00a0 It begins with an enlarged initial <em>S <\/em>which rises both above the line and into the left-hand margin, opening the process with minimum fanfare.\u00a0 Along with such customary features of <em>Anglicana Formata<\/em> script as a double-compartment <em>a<\/em>, this scribe consistently used a rounded, closed,<em> theta<\/em>-like <em>e <\/em>formed in a single looped stroke, with the tongue descending to the right within the closed bow.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_13301\" style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13301\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-13301 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Face-LH-Text-1024x697.jpg\" alt=\"23 Richard II Face\" width=\"1024\" height=\"697\" srcset=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Face-LH-Text-1024x697.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Face-LH-Text-150x102.jpg 150w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Face-LH-Text-300x204.jpg 300w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Face-LH-Text-768x523.jpg 768w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Face-LH-Text.jpg 1785w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-13301\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">23 Richard II Face: Left-Hand Side.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Of all the enlarged initial letters, the repeated <em>N<\/em> of the name <em>Nich&#8217;o<\/em> (lines 2 and 6) is both broad and distinctive, with a descending first stem, a slanted top leading to the second stem, and a backward-descending diagonal cross-stroke.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_13302\" style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13302\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-13302 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Face-RH-Side-1024x762.jpg\" alt=\"23 Richard II Face\" width=\"1024\" height=\"762\" srcset=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Face-RH-Side-1024x762.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Face-RH-Side-150x112.jpg 150w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Face-RH-Side-300x223.jpg 300w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Face-RH-Side-768x571.jpg 768w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Face-RH-Side.jpg 1641w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-13302\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">23 Richard II Face<\/p><\/div>\n<h3>The Text<\/h3>\n<p>The text of the document exhibits similar wording and formulae to some charters in our earlier posts.\u00a0 (For example, <a href=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/preston-charters-continued\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Preston Charters Continued<\/a>.)\u00a0 Into such a formula, the scribe would enter the relevant particulars:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>Sciant presentes et futuri quod ego . . . dedi concessi et hac praesenti carta mea confirmavi . . .\u00a0presenta carta sigillum meum apposui hiis testibus . . . Anno regni . . . etc.<br \/>\n<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Thus, with those &#8216;supplied&#8217; particulars highlighted here in <strong>BOLD<\/strong>, with abbreviations expanded between square brackets ([<em>so<\/em>]), with superscript letters indicated between inverted commas [&#8216;so&#8217;], and with the text transcribed line by line, the document declares:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">[<em>Line 1<\/em>]<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Sciant pr[e]sentes et ffuturi q[uo]d <strong>Ego Thomas Herde alias Tobere<\/strong> dedi concessi et hac p[rae]senti carta mea co[n]firmaui<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>Joh[a[n]i Passelewe de Aungre ad Castrum<\/strong> <strong>Will[el]mo atte Bregga de Stanford Ryi&#8217;r&#8217;us Nich[el]o Atte Style de Dodyng[-]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>herst R[i]c[ardo Barne de Kelwedon[e]<\/strong> om[n]ia illa t[err]as et ten[ementa] que h[ab]ui ex dono et foeffamento <strong>Joh[an]is Marden[is]<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>Et Joh[a]ne ux[o]&#8217;r&#8217;is eius<\/strong> cu[m] accederint post decessu[m]<strong> p[rae]dictor[um] Joh[an]is et Joh[an]e in hameletto de marden<\/strong><strong>[e] de alta<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">[<em>Line 5<\/em>]<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>Aungre<\/strong> h[ab]end[um] et tenend[um] o[mn]ia pr[ae]dict[as] t[err]as et ten[emena] cu[m] accederint <strong>p[raed]ict[i]s Joh[an]i Passelewe Will[e]mo atte<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>Bregge Mich[el]o atte Style R[i]c[ard]o Barne<\/strong> heredib[is] et assign[antis] eor[um] de capital[ibus] d[o]m[ini]s feod[i] illius p[er] S[e]&#8217;r&#8217;uicia<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">inde debit[ur] et de iure consuet[a] Et ego <strong>p[rae]dict[us] Thomas<\/strong> et hered[es] mei o[mn]ia p[rae]d[i]cta t[e]r[ra] et ten[ementa] cu[m] accederint<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>p[rae]dict[is] Joh[an]i Will[el]mo Nich[el]o R[i]c[ar]o<\/strong> heredi[bus] et assign[antis] eoru[m] contra omnes gentes Warrantizabim[us] in p[er]petu[m] In cuius<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">rei test[i]m[onium] huic p[rae]senti carte sigillu[m] meu[m] apposui hiis testib[us] <strong>Steph[an]o P[ar]ker Herico Symms Roberto<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">[Line 10]<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>Taylor Rob[er]to Muskh&#8217;a&#8217;m Joh[an]e Smyth<\/strong> et alis Datur <strong>apud alt[am] Aungre die Iovis p[ro]x[ime] post festu[m] t[ra]nslatio[ni]s<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>S[an]c]t]i Swithini<\/strong> Anno Regno <strong>regis R]i]c[ard]i Secundi<\/strong> post conquestu]m] <strong>vicesimo tercio<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-13310 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/488-Latin-Charter-23-Richard-2-Face-Cropped-to-Tag-300x180.jpg\" alt=\"Private Collection, Document of 23 Richard II, Tag and Seal.\" width=\"300\" height=\"180\" srcset=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/488-Latin-Charter-23-Richard-2-Face-Cropped-to-Tag-300x180.jpg 300w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/488-Latin-Charter-23-Richard-2-Face-Cropped-to-Tag-150x90.jpg 150w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/488-Latin-Charter-23-Richard-2-Face-Cropped-to-Tag.jpg 364w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>In Sum<\/h3>\n<p>Supplied particulars:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>Where &amp; When<\/strong><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"padding-left: 60px;\">23 Richard II (= 22 June 1399 &#8211; 29 September 1399)<br \/>\n&#8220;On the First Thursday after the Feast of the Translation of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Swithun\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Saint Swithin<\/a>&#8221; (= 15 July in England)<br \/>\nI. e. 17 July 1399<br \/>\nat <em>Alta Aungre<\/em> (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/High_Ongar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">High Ongar<\/a>, Essex)<em><br \/>\n<\/em><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">From<\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"padding-left: 60px;\">Thomas Herda <em>alias<\/em> Tobere<\/h4>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>What<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px;\"><strong><em>Omnia terras et tenementa<\/em> (&#8220;All lands and holdings&#8221;)<br \/>\n<\/strong><strong>received of the late John Marden and his wife Johanna <\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>in the Hamlet of <em>Marden<\/em> of <em>Alta Angre<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">To a Group of 4 Tenants<\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"padding-left: 60px;\">John Passelewe of <em>Aungre ad Castrum <\/em>(<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chipping_Ongar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chipping Ongar<\/a>, Essex)<br \/>\nWilliam Atte Bregge of <em>Stanford Ryirus<\/em> (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stanford_Rivers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stanford Rivers<\/a> , Essex)<br \/>\nNicholaus Atte Style of <em>Dodyngherst<\/em> (presumably <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doddinghurst\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Doddinghurst<\/a>, Essex)<\/em><br \/>\nRichard Barne of <em>Kelwedon<\/em> (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kelvedon_Hatch\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kelvedon Hatch<\/a>, Essex)<em><br \/>\n<\/em><\/h4>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><strong>Witnesses<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 60px;\"><strong>John Parker<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Henricus Symms<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Robert Taylor<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Robert Muskham<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>John Smyth<br \/>\n<em>Et Aliis<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>How do we know?\u00a0 Read on, Dear Reader, Read On.<\/p>\n<h3>The Day and the Date of Issue<\/h3>\n<p>Among Richard II&#8217;s <a href=\"http:\/\/www.medievalgenealogy.org.uk\/cal\/reg12.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Regnal Years<\/a>, Year 23 was his last, brief, Regnal Year, spanning 22 June 1399 \u2013 29 September 1399.\u00a0 The dating clause at the end of the charter spells it out, as pertaining to <em>Anno regnis regis Ricardi Secundi post Conquestum vicesimo tercio<\/em> (&#8220;in the 23rd year of the reign of King Richard II after the Conquest&#8221;).<\/p>\n<p>This clause also specifies the place and the day:\u00a0 <em>Datum . . . die Jovis proxime post festum translationis sancti Swithini <\/em>(&#8220;Issued . . . on the day of the first Thursday after the feast of the Translation of Saint Swithin&#8221;).\u00a0 The feast-day of one of the principal English saints, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Swithun\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Saint Swithin<\/a> (circa 800 \u2013 2 July 863), Bishop of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Winchester\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Winchester<\/a> from 852 to 863, is celebrated on 2 July or 15 July, marking the date of his death or the date of the translation of his relics.<\/p>\n<p>The choice of the latter in the document commemorates the translation on 15 July 971 of Swithin&#8217;s body to the newly restored basilica at Winchester, newly\u00a0 dedicated to him as its patron saint (in place formerly of the Apostles, Saints Peter and Paul).\u00a0 The <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bl.uk\/manuscripts\/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=Add_MS_49598\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Benedictional<\/a> made for the Anglo-Saxon reformer, <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u00c6thelwold_of_Winchester\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Saint \u00c6thelwold<\/a>, Bishop of Winchester from 963 to 984, for whom the translation was effected, takes care to include an image of this patron among its magnificently illuminated pages.\u00a0 There, the full-page image faces the opening of the text for the celebration of Swithin&#8217;s Deposition (2 July).<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_13309\" style=\"width: 752px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13309\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-13309 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/The-Benedictional-of-St-Add_MS_49598_f97v-742x1024.jpg\" alt=\"London, The British Library, Add MS 49598, folio 97v. Saint Swithin. Image Public Domain.\" width=\"742\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/The-Benedictional-of-St-Add_MS_49598_f97v-742x1024.jpg 742w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/The-Benedictional-of-St-Add_MS_49598_f97v-109x150.jpg 109w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/The-Benedictional-of-St-Add_MS_49598_f97v-217x300.jpg 217w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/The-Benedictional-of-St-Add_MS_49598_f97v-768x1060.jpg 768w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/The-Benedictional-of-St-Add_MS_49598_f97v.jpg 1449w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 742px) 100vw, 742px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-13309\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">London, The British Library, Add MS 49598, folio 97v. Saint Swithin. Image Public Domain.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>The document of 23 Richard II specifies the Feast of Swithin&#8217;s Translation. \u00a0 In 1399, Saint Swithin&#8217;s Day on 15 July fell on a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.timeanddate.com\/date\/weekday.html?year=1&amp;month=1&amp;day=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tuesday<\/a>.\u00a0 The first Thursday after that would have been 17 July.\u00a0 By such calculations can we find the day upon which the document was issued, and not only the year.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_13298\" style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13298\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-13298 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Face-cropped-to-sheet-1024x506.jpg\" alt=\"23 Richard II Face\" width=\"1024\" height=\"506\" srcset=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Face-cropped-to-sheet-1024x506.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Face-cropped-to-sheet-150x74.jpg 150w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Face-cropped-to-sheet-300x148.jpg 300w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Face-cropped-to-sheet-768x380.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-13298\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">23 Richard II Face<\/p><\/div>\n<h3>Names and Places<\/h3>\n<p>The place-name <em>Aungre<\/em> appears thrice in the document. First it qualifies the name of the first tenant:\u00a0 <em>Johannis Passelewe de Aungre ad Castrum<\/em> (line 2).\u00a0 Next it refers to a finding point in the boundary clause:\u00a0<em> in hameletto de marden&#8217; de alta Aungre<\/em> (lines 4\u20135).\u00a0 Then it specifies the location at which the document itself was issued:\u00a0 <em>apud alt&#8217; Aungre<\/em> (line 10).<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_13302\" style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13302\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-13302 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Face-RH-Side-1024x762.jpg\" alt=\"23 Richard II Face\" width=\"1024\" height=\"762\" srcset=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Face-RH-Side-1024x762.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Face-RH-Side-150x112.jpg 150w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Face-RH-Side-300x223.jpg 300w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Face-RH-Side-768x571.jpg 768w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Face-RH-Side.jpg 1641w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-13302\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">23 Richard II Face<\/p><\/div>\n<p>The name <em>Aungre<\/em> stands for <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ongar,_Essex\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ongar<\/a> (meaning &#8220;Grassland&#8221; in <a title=\"Old English\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Old_English\">Old English<\/a>) in Essex.\u00a0 <em>Aungre<\/em> is an oft-recorded spelling for that <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=3U17qBxhkzcC&amp;pg=PA229&amp;lpg=PA229&amp;dq=%22Aungre%22+in+Essex&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=9mqZRyNw5o&amp;sig=ACfU3U18h__RH5Hcaa6iZWbUXzhztWMhKw&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjcgLqps6XpAhXhknIEHbEOCZkQ6AEwBXoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Aungre%22%20in%20Essex&amp;f=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">place<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Its appelation <em>ad castrum<\/em> (&#8220;at <em>or<\/em> by the castle&#8221;) relates to <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chipping_Ongar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chipping Ongar<\/a>, which still has a a castle \u2014 albeit now in ruins.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_13334\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13334\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-13334 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/St_Mary_High_Ongar_Essex_-_geograph.org_.uk_-_334905-300x199.jpg\" alt=\"Church of Saint Mary, High Ongar, Essex, with 12th-Century Nave. Photograph by John Salmon (8 May 2004), Image via Wikipedia.\" width=\"300\" height=\"199\" srcset=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/St_Mary_High_Ongar_Essex_-_geograph.org_.uk_-_334905-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/St_Mary_High_Ongar_Essex_-_geograph.org_.uk_-_334905-150x100.jpg 150w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/St_Mary_High_Ongar_Essex_-_geograph.org_.uk_-_334905.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-13334\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Church of Saint Mary, High Ongar, Essex, with 12th-Century Nave. Photograph by John Salmon (8 May 2004), Image via Wikipedia.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>The appelation <em>alta<\/em> (&#8220;tall&#8221; or &#8220;high&#8221;) designates <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/High_Ongar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">High Ongar<\/a> (see also <a href=\"https:\/\/www.british-history.ac.uk\/vch\/essex\/vol4\/pp171-175\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">High Ongar<\/a>) \u2014 at the time probably only a hamlet.\u00a0 High Ongar lies about 1 mile (1 1\/2 km) to the south and east from Chipping Ongar.<\/p>\n<p>The &#8220;hamlet of <em>Marden<\/em> of High Ongar&#8221; (<em>in hameletto de Marden&#8217; de alta Aungre<\/em>) appears to have a modern incarnation in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marden_Ash\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marden Ash<\/a>, which formerly formed part of the parish of High Ongar. Here &#8220;the name <em>Marden<\/em> goes back at least to the 11th century and means &#8216;boundary valley&#8217;:\u00a0 it suggests that this was the boundary between Chipping Ongar and High Ongar even at that time&#8221;.<br \/>\n\u2014 \u2014 P. H. Reamey, <em><span class=\"st\">The Place-<\/span><span class=\"st\">Names of Essex<\/span><span class=\"st\">.\u00a0 <\/span><\/em><span class=\"st\">English Place-Name Society, Vol. 12 (Cambridge:\u00a0 At the University Press, 1935)<\/span>, page 73; also <a href=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/a-charter-of-1399-from-high-ongar-in-essex\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">British History Online: High Ongar<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>In this context, it may accord with long-standing practice that the document locates boundaries with reference to Marden as one of them.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stanford_Rivers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stanford Rivers<\/a> is also near by, only about 2 miles (3 km) south of Chipping Ongar.\u00a0 The common place-name <em>Stanford<\/em> derives from &#8220;a stone, or stony, ford&#8221; in <a title=\"Old English\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Old_English\">Old English<\/a>. A <em>Stanford<\/em> survives in Norfolk as a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stanford,_Norfolk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">deserted village<\/a>.\u00a0 As with some other Stanfords, the place called <em>Stanford<\/em> in the document both received and retained an appelation.\u00a0 <em>Stanford Rivers<\/em> is listed in the <i><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Doomsday Book\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doomsday_Book\">Doomsday Book<\/a><\/i> as <em>Stanfort<\/em>, but in 1289 as <em>Stanford Ryueres<\/em>, adopting the name of the 13th-century manorial family <em>Ryueres<\/em>.\u00a0 See, for example, <span class=\"reference-text\">Anthony David Mills, <em>A Dic<\/em><i>tionary of British Place Names<\/i> (Oxford:\u00a0 Oxford University Press, revised edition, 2011: \u00a0 <a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"ISBN (identifier)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ISBN_(identifier)\">ISBN<\/a>\u00a0<a title=\"Special:BookSources\/019960908X\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:BookSources\/019960908X\">019960908X<\/a><\/span>\u00a0), p. 432.\u00a0 The document spells the name as <em>Ryi&#8217;r&#8217;us<\/em> (line 2), with a superscript <em>r<\/em> between the 3 minims (<em>i<\/em> and<em> u<\/em>); a similar superscript <em>r<\/em> stands above <em>ux&#8217;r&#8217;is<\/em> in line 4.<\/p>\n<p><em>Dodyngherst<\/em> is presumably <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doddinghurst\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Doddinghurst<\/a>, in Essex, to the southeast of High Ongar and close to Stanford Rivers.\u00a0 Across time, its recorded spellings varied, for example with <em>Duddingeherst<\/em> in 1218.\u00a0 Pertaining to an early layer of Old English place-naming patterns in the early medieval migrations to England, the Old English name means &#8220;the wooded hill of <em>Dudda<\/em>&#8216;s people&#8221;.\u00a0 (For example, the <em>Dictionary of British Place Names<\/em>, page 146.)<\/p>\n<p>Richard Barne of <em>Kelwedon<\/em> came also from Essex. Villages in Essex among medieval settlements still extant with such a name are <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kelvedon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kelvedon<\/a> (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.british-history.ac.uk\/rchme\/essex\/vol3\/pp140-146\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kelvedon<\/a>) in northeast Essex and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kelvedon_Hatch\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kelvedon Hatch<\/a> (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.british-history.ac.uk\/vch\/essex\/vol4\/pp63-65\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kelvedon Hatch<\/a>).\u00a0 The latter stands within the Hundred of Ongar and considerably closer than the former to the other places cited in the document, pertaining to <em>Aungre<\/em> in its several manifestations, both on higher ground and near a castle, and now known as High Ongar and Chipping Ongar.\u00a0 Kelvedon Hatch lies 3 miles south of Chipping Ongar.<\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hundred_(county_division)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hundred<\/a> of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.british-history.ac.uk\/rchme\/essex\/vol3\/xxxix\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ongar<\/a> comprised 26 parishes, including <em>Kelved Hatch<\/em>, <em>Stanford Rivers<\/em>, <em>Cheping Ongar<\/em>, and <em>High Ongar.\u00a0 <\/em>Some Ongar parishes are picturesquely described and illustrated in &#8220;The Hundred of Ongar&#8221; by the English antiquary <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Elizabeth_Ogborne\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Elizabeth Ogborne<\/a> (1763\/4 \u2013 1853) in <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/The_History_of_Essex.html?id=IeVSAAAAcAAJ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The History of Essex from the Earliest Period to the Present Time<\/a> (London:\u00a0 R. H. Kelham,1 814), pages 235\u2013280, with the full list of parishes on page 236.\u00a0 The subtitle of this work advertised it as being<em> Illustrated with accurate Engravings of Churches, Monuments, Ancient Buildings, Seals, Portraits, Autographs, &amp;c., With Biographical Notices of the most distinguished and remarkable Natives<\/em>.\u00a0 Alas, the work was unfinished, with only Volume I, in which the illustrated descriptions of the individual parishes of this Hundred cease before they reach any of those names within whose reach the place-names of the document come to rest.<\/p>\n<p>Spellings very similar to those in the document are recorded in the Essex Poll Tax for 1377, which dates only some 20 years earlier.\u00a0 The modern edition of that record notes the modern equivalents.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Stanford Rever<\/em> = Stanford Rivers<\/li>\n<li><em>Alta Aungr <\/em>= High Ongar<em><br \/>\n<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>Kelwedon<\/em> = Kelvedon Hatch<\/li>\n<li><em>Aungr ad Castrum<\/em> = Chipping Ongar<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>\u2014 \u2014<\/em> <em>The Poll Taxes of 1377, 1379, and 1381<\/em>, Part I:\u00a0 <em>Bedfordshire\u2013Leicestershire<\/em>, edited by Carolyn C. Fenwick.\u00a0 Record of Social and Economic History, New Series, 37 (Oxford:\u00a0 Oxford University Press, 1998\u20132005), &#8220;Essex 1377:\u00a0 Ongar and Rochford Hundreds&#8221;, at <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=zhEn77SlKU4C&amp;pg=PA191&amp;lpg=PA191&amp;dq=kelwedon+near+ongar+%2B+poll+taxes&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=WTK_NpNAj9&amp;sig=ACfU3U0ss34l49LaJvtaFDKG-sZsIGZKMQ&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiN4viPn6rpAhVFgXIEHYYVAJkQ6AEwAHoECAwQAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=kelwedon%20near%20ongar%20%2B%20poll%20taxes&amp;f=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">E179<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Such close, and even precise, correspondences for the individual place-names \u2014 as their records adapted across time \u2014 and for the cluster of names recorded within the transaction appear to establish their identities in the document beyond doubt as pertaining to the Hundred of Ongar in Essex.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_13300\" style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13300\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-13300 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Face-cropped-to-text-1024x388.jpg\" alt=\"23 Richard II Face: Text.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"388\" srcset=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Face-cropped-to-text-1024x388.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Face-cropped-to-text-150x57.jpg 150w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Face-cropped-to-text-300x114.jpg 300w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/23-Richard-II-Face-cropped-to-text-768x291.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-13300\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">23 Richard II Face: Text.<\/p><\/div>\n<h3>Location, Location, Locations<\/h3>\n<p>These places, with a few variants in spelling, appear on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oldmapsonline.org\/en\/Essex\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Old Maps of Essex<\/a>, available among the Old Maps Online and other digital resources:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bl.uk\/onlinegallery\/onlineex\/unvbrit\/e\/001map00000c7c1u00012000.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"broken_link\">Map of Essex<\/a> among the 35 colored maps published by Christopher Saxon in the <em>Atlas of England and Wales<\/em> (1579).<\/li>\n<li>Interactive version of the <a href=\"https:\/\/map-of-essex.uk\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Map of the County of Essex<\/a> from the atlas of 25 engraved sheets by John Chapman &amp; Peter Andr\u00e9 (1777).<\/li>\n<li>Map of <a href=\"https:\/\/collections.leventhalmap.org\/search\/commonwealth:ww72bp422\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"broken_link\">Essex actually surveyed with the several Roads from London, etc.<\/a>\u00a0 (London [1678]).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The latter, via Public Domain, comes from the Norman B. Leventhal Map &amp; Education Center at the Boston Public Library:<\/p>\n<p><div id=\"attachment_13328\" style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13328\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-13328 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/commonwealth_ww72bp422_productionMaster-at-180-dpi-1024x814.jpg\" alt=\"Boston Public Library, Map of &quot;Essex actually surveyed with the several Roads from London, etc.&quot; (London [1678]), Image via Public Domain.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"814\" srcset=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/commonwealth_ww72bp422_productionMaster-at-180-dpi-1024x814.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/commonwealth_ww72bp422_productionMaster-at-180-dpi-150x119.jpg 150w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/commonwealth_ww72bp422_productionMaster-at-180-dpi-300x238.jpg 300w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/commonwealth_ww72bp422_productionMaster-at-180-dpi-768x610.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-13328\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Boston Public Library, Map of &#8220;Essex actually surveyed with the several Roads from London, etc.&#8221; (London [1678]), Image via Public Domain.<\/p><\/div>With a detail of Ongar Hundred:<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_13325\" style=\"width: 907px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13325\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-13325 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/commonwealth_ww72bp422_productionMaster-to-Ongar-Hundred-897x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Boston Public Library, Map of &quot;Essex actually surveyed with the several Roads from London, etc.&quot; (London [1678]), Detail of Ongar Hundred. Image via Public Domain.\" width=\"897\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/commonwealth_ww72bp422_productionMaster-to-Ongar-Hundred-897x1024.jpg 897w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/commonwealth_ww72bp422_productionMaster-to-Ongar-Hundred-131x150.jpg 131w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/commonwealth_ww72bp422_productionMaster-to-Ongar-Hundred-263x300.jpg 263w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/commonwealth_ww72bp422_productionMaster-to-Ongar-Hundred-768x876.jpg 768w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/commonwealth_ww72bp422_productionMaster-to-Ongar-Hundred.jpg 1878w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 897px) 100vw, 897px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-13325\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Boston Public Library, Map of &#8220;Essex actually surveyed with the several Roads from London, etc.&#8221; (London [1678]), Detail of Ongar Hundred. Image via Public Domain.<\/p><\/div>\n<h3>The Transaction as Record<\/h3>\n<p>From its details, the document yields information about a set of individuals and their interrelationships regarding landscapes, both which they have been associated \u2014 <em>Aungre ad castrum<\/em>, <em>Alta Aungra<\/em>, <em>Stanford Ryirus<\/em>, <em>Dodyngherst<\/em>, and <em>Kolwedon\u00a0<\/em>\u2014 and over which they formally transfer custodianship on Saint Swithin&#8217;s Day, 1399.\u00a0 In the case of the land at the center of the transaction, we learn also about its previous transfer (at an unspecified date) from a named couple after their death.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_13310\" style=\"width: 374px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13310\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-13310 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/488-Latin-Charter-23-Richard-2-Face-Cropped-to-Tag.jpg\" alt=\"Private Collection, Document of 23 Richard II, Tag and Seal.\" width=\"364\" height=\"219\" srcset=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/488-Latin-Charter-23-Richard-2-Face-Cropped-to-Tag.jpg 364w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/488-Latin-Charter-23-Richard-2-Face-Cropped-to-Tag-150x90.jpg 150w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/488-Latin-Charter-23-Richard-2-Face-Cropped-to-Tag-300x180.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 364px) 100vw, 364px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-13310\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Private Collection, Document of 23 Richard II, Tag and Seal.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>*****<\/p>\n<p>Do you recognize other examples of this scribe&#8217;s work?\u00a0 Do you know more about the history of these features, places, and persons?<\/p>\n<p>Please contact us via <a href=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/contact-us\" target=\"\" rel=\"noopener\">Contact Us<\/a> or our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Research-Group-on-Manuscript-Evidence-259443617456668\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"broken_link\">Facebook Page<\/a>. Comments here are welcome too.<\/p>\n<p>*****<\/p>\n<p>More to Come. See the <a href=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/manuscript-studies-contents-list\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Contents List<\/a> for this <a href=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/manuscript-studies-contents-list\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">blog<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>*****<\/p>\n<p><strong>P. S.<\/strong>\u00a0<em> On a Personal Note<\/em> (17 May 2020).\u00a0 Although I don&#8217;t remember if I visited any of the places mentioned in the document, I vividly recall visiting <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greensted\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Greensted<\/a> close by. The purpose of the visit was <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greensted_Church\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Greensted Church<\/a>, located about one mile west of Chipping Ongar town center. My interest resided in seeing the wooden structure of the building, because of its age and its Anglo-Saxon construction.<\/p>\n<p>This was while I lived in London and engaged in long-term postgraduate study of Anglo-Saxon and related manuscripts and their broader context \u2014 leading from the M. A. in English Language and Literature before 1525 (University of London, 1972) to the Ph. D. in Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts (<a href=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.academia.edu\/MildredBudny\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">London, 1985<\/a>). An important component of the research was travel to examine material evidence first hand.<\/p>\n<p>It was natural that part of the observation attended to building structures, given their settings for the production, viewing, and use of the manuscripts and other media, and given my studies in seminars with archaeologists and building historians, among others. Apart from archaeological excavations and ruins, many of the viewing opportunities allowed for more imposing architectural structures, but I wished also to see the &#8220;only remaining example of the many timber churches&#8221; of the Anglo-Saxon period before the Norman Conquest, as Greensted Church is described in a standard reference work on the subject.<br \/>\n\u2014 \u2014 H. M. and Joan Taylor, <em>Anglo-Saxon Architecture<\/em> (Cambridge:\u00a0 Cambridge University Press, 3 volumes, 1965 and 1978), Volume 1, pages 262\u2013264, at page 263.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_13356\" style=\"width: 235px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-13356\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-13356\" src=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Greensted_Church_North_Side-225x300.jpg\" alt=\"North Side of Wooden Church at Greensted-juxta-Ongar, Essex. Photograph by Simon Garbutt via Wikimedia Commons.\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Greensted_Church_North_Side-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Greensted_Church_North_Side-113x150.jpg 113w, https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Greensted_Church_North_Side.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-13356\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">North Side of Wooden Church at Greensted-juxta-Ongar, Essex. Photograph by Simon Garbutt via Wikimedia Commons.<\/p><\/div>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greensted_Church\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Church of Saint Andrew at Greensted<\/a> is regarded as &#8220;the oldest wooden building in Europe still standing, albeit only in part, since few sections of its original wooden structure remain&#8221;. The nave, made of large split oak tree trunks, is mostly original.\u00a0 The official name of the place is <em>Greensted-juxta-Ongar<\/em> (&#8220;Greensted adjoining Ongar&#8221;), to distinguish it from another <em>Greenstead<\/em>, also in Essex, but some 30 miles distant, in <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Colchester\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Colchester<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>My visit took place on a sunny day, in a day trip by car from London.\u00a0 I forget which year, but having a car places the date in the later 1970s.\u00a0 I remember well the warm sunshine outside the building and the dark wooden interior, so it would probably have been in the spring or summer.\u00a0 There are photographs from the visit, so others&#8217; available photographs might serve.<\/p>\n<p>From the distance of this blogpost, I survey the distance travelled across time and space by the document from its origins in Essex to my view of it as it first entered its current collection in the United States several years ago, and by my understanding of the subjects from immersion in study for the M. A. onward.\u00a0 The &#8220;papers&#8221; selected for that M. A.\u00a0 in London were dedicated to Language, Palaeography, Archaeology, and English Place-Names.<\/p>\n<p>In all the travels and studies over the years devoted to such subjects (see, for example, <a href=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/mildred-budny-her-page\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Her Page<\/a> and (<a href=\"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.academia.edu\/MildredBudny\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Selected Publications<\/a>), I might not have guessed that they would have come to include a close look at place-names centered upon one of the central areas of Ongar Hundred.<\/p>\n<p>*****<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A Charter of 23 Richard II (=1399) Issued on 17 July 1399 at Alta Aungre (High Ongar) [Posted on 12 May 2020, with updates] Mildred Budny continues the series of posts on medieval and early modern charters from England in a private collection. See our Contents List. First we examined the numbered group of documents [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":13334,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0},"categories":[678,1],"tags":[1774,1728,1773,1767,1775,1766,1630,1771,1765,1769,1763,1776,1739,1632,1770,1729,1764,1768,1772],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13281"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13281"}],"version-history":[{"count":25,"href":"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13281\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17138,"href":"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13281\/revisions\/17138"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13334"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13281"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13281"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/manuscriptevidence.org\/wpme\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13281"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}